------------------------------
1688-ban az angol Parlament megalkotta
az English Bill of Rights-t minden nyugati alkotmany alapjat.
A proklamacio megfosztotta II.Jakabot a tronjatol es helyere
Oraniai Vilmost es feleseget Mariat ultette.
"...being now assembled in a full and free representative of this
nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attai-
ning the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like
case usually done), for the vindicating and asserting their ancient
rights and liberties, declare :
1. That the pretended power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by
regal authority, without consent of Parliament, is illegal.
2. That the pretended power of dispensing with laws, of the execution of laws,
by regal authority, as it has been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal.
....
9. That the freedom of speech, and debates or proceedings in Parliament,
ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of
Parliament.
10.That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT inflicted.< well, az amerikaiak nem kifeje-
zetten az originalitasukrol voltak hiresek :-))))>
....
13. And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthe-
ning, and preserving of the laws, Parliament ought to be held frequently.
Epp szaz evvel kesobb, 1789 Augusztus 27-iken a Francia Alkotmanyozo
Nemzetgyules a kovetkezo deklaraciot ( Az Emberi es Polgari Jogok
Nyilatkozata) tette kozze :
The representatives of the people of France, formed into a National Assembly
,considering the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of human rights,...
....set forth in a solemn declaration....in the presence of the
Supreme Being, and with the hope of His blessing and favor, the
following SACRED rights of men and citizens :
1. Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their
rights...
4. Political liberty consists in the power of doing whatever does not
injure another.
...
7. No man should be accused, arrested, or held in confinement, except
in cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has
prescribed.
...
11. The unrestrained communication of thoughts and opinions being one of the
most precious rights of man, every citizen may speak, write and publish
freely, provided he is responsible for the abuse of this liberty, in cases
determined by the law.
...
17. The right to property being inviolable and sacred, no one ought to be
deprived of it, except in cases of evident public necessity, legally ascer-
tained, and on condition of a previous just indemnity.
Edmund Burke (1727-1797) az English Bill of Rights feltetlen hive volt,
es a Francia Forradalom ( a Nagy Terror elott!) kerlelhetetlen ellen-
fele. Reflections on the Revolution in France cimu munkajaban fejti
ki azokat a nezeteket, amelyekrol a konzervativizmust a Bourbon-restauracio
utan Burke francia hivei elneveztek. Burke per definitionem az elso konzer-
vativ volt. Burke ugy atyja a konzervativizmusnak mint
Marx a szocializmusnak, vagy Mill a liberalizmusnak, ezt Russell Kirk
Edmund Burke eletrajziroja (es ujrafelfedezoje !!!) irta. Macaulay szerint
Burke Milton utan a legnagyobb volt. Lord Acton egyenesen azt mondta,
Edmund Burke-kel kezdodott a tortenelem. A Reflections az
a konzervativizmusnak mint a Kommunista Kialtvany a marxizmusnak.Alapmu.
Multkor azt irtam Burke-rol ellenideolog volt.
Formalisan Rousseau ellenideologja,de konnyu latni, valojaban Locke-je is.
Locke ket muvebol idezek.
Az elso (Of Civil Government), az angolszasz liberalizmus ideologiai
alapja, az English Bill of Rights politikafilozofiai hattere.(1690)
" Man being as has been said, by nature all free, equal and independent,
no one can be put out of this estate and subjected to the political power
without his own consent.."
" For, when any number of men have, by the consent of every individual
made a community, they have thereby made the community one body
<na ez a hires social contract, Rousseaunal compact social >
with a power to act as one body, which is only by the will and determination
of the majority. < gyengebbek kedveert a valasztojog az angol lakosok
toredeket illette meg, es evszazados reformok vezettek a teljes reprezenta-
cioig, jegyezzuk meg, Rousseau a compact socialja utan az emberi jogok
egyetlen akaratban reprezentalodnak, ott mar tovabbi privatjogoknak
nincs helye,minden vulgarrousseauizmusnak ertsd leninizmusnak, csurkizmusnak
ez a trukkje>
"..Wherever law ends, tyranny begins..." <kvintesszencialis angolszasz
liberalizmus, az ember felett nem ember uralkodik, hanem a jog >
Ezzel szemben a Reflections... leghiresebb passzusa igy kezdodik :
"Society is indeed a contract ..."
"In a partnership in all science, a partnership in all art, a partnership
in every virtue and in all perfection. As the ends of such partnership
cannot be obtained in many generations, it becomes a partnership not
only between those who are living, BUT, between those who are living,
those who are dead, and those who are to be born. Each contract of each
particular state is but a clause in the great primeval contract of eternal
society, linking the lower with the higher natures, connecting the visible
and invisible world according to the fixed compact sanctioned by the
invisible oath which holds all physical and all moral natures each in
their appointed place.
This law is NOT subject to the will of those who by obligation above them
and infinitely superior, are bound to submit their will to that law.
The municipal corporations of that universal kingdom are NOT morally
at liberty, at their pleasure, and on their speculations of a contingent
improvement, wholly to separate and tear asunder the bonds of their
subordinate community and to dissolve it into an unsocial, uncivil,
unconnected chaos of elementary principles "
Burke frontalisan tamadja az English Bill of Rights minden "liberalis"
ertelmezeset. <Ismeros ?? Szamoljunk csak, Rehnquist,Scalia, Thomas, Kennedy
Sandra Day O'Connor ez ugye 5 a 9-bol, ok a Wallace vs. Jeffrey "liberalis"
ertelmezeset kezel(ne'k)ik felvont szemoldokkel, az ugye alkotmanymodositas
nelkul marmajdnem egy teljes voluntary prayer lenne >
Eloszoris Pascal-i ketelyei vannak a Descartes-i "Reason"-nal kapcsolatban.
Egy eredendo bunnel terhes , esendo, gyarlo embert lat aki piszkalja a
Tortenelem Isten altal elinditott Ingaorajat. Burke hisz a prejudikaciokban
es preskripciokban.Ez affele szocialokologia, Burke fel a Tiszta es Absztrakt
es foleg roppant Emberi Eszmetol, ami jon, es beleavatkozik a tortenelem
evoluciojaba. Burke a JO, az IGAZSAGOS (kereszteny) tarsadalomban es
annak torvenyeiben hitt. Termeszetesen, a jo es igazsagos tarsadalmakban
vannak torvenyek amelyek vedik az embereket (foleg azok tulajdonat, Burke
szerint a tulajdon teszi az embert emberre, es a legfobb jog, a tulajdon
korlatozas nelkuli atszarmaztatasa generaciorol generaciora) . LENYEG :
Burke szamara az ABSZTRAKT emberi jog, az onallo eletet elo emberi jog,
a jo,igazsagos,keresztenyi tarsadalom immanens erdekeitol fuggetlen jog
ertelmezhetetlen. Ezert utalta annyira a franciakat...
Burke nem volt teologus. (Locke az IS volt). Mivel a Vallas es az Ember
viszonyanak targyalasa elkerulhetetlen, a mai napra rendel szent evangeli-
umot a Locke-i es Burke-i felfogas kulonbozosegenek felmutatasaval zarom.:-)
Angliaban, II.Jakab nyilt katolikus restauracioja bekitette ossze az angli-
kan egyhaz kulonbozo frakcioit (Laud Canterbury ersek hivei elvetettek
a predesztinaciot, az Independensek maguk valasztottak volna a papjaikat,
az 1649-1660 interregnumban a leheto legdrakoibb bibliai torvenyeket
iktatta torvenybe a Puritan frakcio, szigoruan ellenoriztek a kereszteny
Sabbath betartasat (aprosag, Massachussetsben joval
a Wall of Separation "felhuzasa" utan Tocqueville meg olyan varosokat talalt
ahol kulon tisztsegviselo zaklatta a vasarnapi utazokat) az iszakossagot
is torvenyben tiltottak. Szoval a zsido-kereszteny tradicio helyes osvenyenek
kijelolesenel,mondjuk ugy, problemak mutatkoztak. A dogmakat allandoan
valtoztattak, es konyortelenul szamonkertek a helyes ideologiai iranyultsa-
got. Vilmos megkoronazasa utan, az angol Allami Egyhazugyi Hivatalt :-((
(Court of Commissioners for Ecclesistical Causes) megszuntettek, persze
az anglikan vallas allamvallas maradt ( egeszen a mai napig, egyhazi ugyekben
az angol Parlament az illetekes, es koszonik szepen jol megvannak vele)
es kibocsatottak az Act of Tolerationt. Well, almost toleration-t....
Marmint olyan "lehetetlen" vallasokat mint peldaul a katolicizmus, termesze-
tesen tovabbiakban is uldoztek. :-(((<az fel sem merult, hogy a zsidokat
emancipaljak, egyebkent a masodik legnagyobb brit konzervativ apukajat
Isaac d'Israeli-nek hivtak, az anglikan vallasra attert Disraeli magat a
leheto legbuszkebben a "Judaic race" fianak vallotta, es az angolokat
ez nem erdekelte, ahogy a brit kozmondas tartja," the British is the
only bloody nation on the face of the Earth which is not anti-semite, well of
course, because we know that WE ARE THE SMARTEST GUYS ON THE BLOODY WORLD
and not the f.... Jews" >
A liberalis Locke errol igy ir ( Letter Concerning Toleration 1689)
"Let us now consider what a church is. A church then I take to be a voluntary
society of men.."
"I say it is a free and voluntary society..."
"Speculative opinions, therefore, and articles of faith, as they are called,
which are required only to be believed, cannot be imposed on any Church by
the law of the land "
"Further, the magistrate ought not to forbid the preaching or professing
of any speculative opinions in any Church..."
<Na mielott, a Happy End focim megjelenne a kepernyon...>
" Again : That church can have no right to be tolerated by the magistrate,
which is constituted upon such a bottom, that all those who enter it, do
thereby
ipso facto, deliver themselves up to the protection and service of another
prince. <gyengebbek kedveert, a kurrens another prince-t II. Janos Palnak
hivjak...> "
<es, hogy lassa mindenki,a liberalizmus es az ateizmus nem mindig volt
olyan kedelyes viszonyban mint manapsag>
"Lastly, Those are not at all to be tolerated who deny the being of God.
Promises, covenants, and oaths, which are the bonds of human society
can have no hold upon an atheist"
Burke (anyja katolikus volt, es csaladjat az IRA elodjevel a Whiteboys
nevu terrorszervezettel valo kapcsolattartassal vadoltak) :
"We are resolved to keep an established church, an established monarchy
and an established democracy < multkor egy miseryt gepeltem mistery
helyett, ez itten viszont nem typo> each in degree it exists and in no
greater "
Burke mar Bolingbroke (rendkivul tekintelyes filozofus-politikus) latens
deizmusaba is belekotott, a Filozofusok manifeszt deizmusatol kifejezetten
rosszul volt. Hitt a termeszetes hierarchiaban, es az Istentol
eredo autoritasban, egy tarsadalomban, ahol az emberek Isten es az
Torveny elott
egyenlok, de tehetseguk , szarmazasuk es vagyoni helyzetuk szerint
kulonbozo helyet foglalnak el, es ezt a helyzetuket bekeben tudomasul
veszik. < well, azt o is belatta, hogy egy gombontonek, vagy egy
csatornatisztitonak kicsit mast jelent ez a tudomasulvetel mint
a House of Lords egy tagjanak> Az Established Church az Irgalmassag es
az Alazat, es termeszetesen a tarsadalmat megtarto autoritas
kepviseloje es terjesztoje. Ezert vedte az Anglikan Egyhaz
kulonos helyzetet Edmund Burke, az elso es maig legnagyobb konzervativ
aki nem hitt az Irgalmassag es Alazat nelkuli "Reason"-ben. EG
|
